What does seeing better with MultiHance^® mean?^1-4*

MultiHance^® demonstrated significantly improved visualization and contrast enhancement of CNS lesions when compared with Gadavist^® at 0.1 mmol/kg.^1†

The 0.1 mmol/kg dose of MultiHance demonstrated consistently better lesion visualization for all readers compared to all tested MR contrast agents.^1-4
3 blinded independent readers reported superiority for MultiHance in significantly (P=.0001) more patients for all evaluated end points. The opinions of the 3 readers were identical for 61.9%–73.5% of the patients, resulting in values of 0.414–0.629 for inter-reader agreement.

What does seeing better with MultiHance^® mean?^1-4*

MultiHance^® demonstrated significantly improved visualization and contrast enhancement of CNS lesions when compared with Gadavist^® at 0.1 mmol/kg.^1†

The 0.1 mmol/kg dose of MultiHance demonstrated consistently better lesion visualization for all readers compared to all tested MR contrast agents.^1-4
3 blinded independent readers reported superiority for MultiHance in significantly (P=.0001) more patients for all evaluated end points. The opinions of the 3 readers were identical for 61.9%–73.5% of the patients, resulting in values of 0.414–0.629 for inter-reader agreement.

Relaxivity

Relaxivity and signal strength^5‑7

CNS

Visualizing details^1,2

MRA

Diagnostic performance^8-13

Safety

Safety and stability^7,14‑21

The Highest Relaxivity ACR Group II Agent^5,6,14‡§

MultiHance delivers the highest relaxivity across all field strengths compared with other GBCAs^5-7¶

Relativities of Investigated Contrast Media in Plasma⁶

Study Design: Commercially available contrast media (CM) for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were measured and compared in terms of their relaxivity at magnetic field strengths ranging from 0.47T to 4.7T at physiological temperatures in water and in plasma. Relaxivities also were quantified in whole blood at 1.5T. Relaxivities of MRI-CM were determined by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy at 0.47T and MRI phantom measurements at 1.5T, 3T, and 4,7T, respectively. Both longitudinal (T1) and transverse relaxation times (T2) were measured by appropriate spin-echo sequences. Nuclear magnetic resonance dispersion (NMRD) profiles were also determined for all agents in water and in plasma.

Adapted from Rohrer et al.

Superior relaxivity for greater signal intensity

Improving Visualization and Contrast Enhancement in CNS and MRA^1,2,8,9

MultiHance demonstrated significantly improved visualization and contrast enhancement of CNS lesions when compared with Dotarem^® at 0.1 mmol/kg²

View BENEFIT Study

A multicenter, double-blind, randomized, intraindividual cross-over study of 177 patients
Proven superior in both qualitative and quantitative assessments

These are representative images from reference studies; individual results may vary. 62-year-old woman with lung adenocarcinoma. Patient received 0.1 mmol/kg of MultiHance. Two small metastatic lesions could be confidently identified in the right and left occipital lobes on both the contrast-enhanced T1W SE and T1W GRE images.

At a standard dose…
MultiHance delivered significantly superior morphologic information and contrast enhancement of brain MR imaging compared with Dotarem.

MultiHance was preferred by readers across all endpoints (P<0.002)

Global diagnostic preference
Lesion border delineation
Definition of disease extent
Visualization of lesion internal morphology
Lesion contrast enhancement

No serious adverse events were reported in either group, and there were no significant differences in the incidence of adverse events (P=1.0000)

Study Design: Multicenter, multinational, double-blind randomized, intraindividual crossover study design of 177 patients with known or suspected brain tumors. Each patient received 0.1-mmol/kg doses of MultiHance and Dotarem in two identical MR imaging examinations. For Arm 1, the contrast agents for patients were administered by IV using manual bolus injection (n=83) or power a power injector (n=13). The agents were administered at 0.1mmol/kg of body weight, corresponding to 0.2 mL/kg for MultiHance and for Dotarem. For Arm 2, Administration of agents were IV using manual bolus injection (n=83) or a power injector (n=24). The agents were administered 0.05 mmol/kg of body weight, corresponding to 0.1 mL/kg for MultiHance and at 0.1mmol/kg of body weight, corresponding to 0.2 mL/kg for Dotarem. All injections were followed by a saline flush of up to 30 mL. The interval between the 2 MR imaging examinations was > 48 hours to avoid carryover effects but < 14 days to minimize the chance of disease progression. All images were evaluated by 3 blinded, independent experienced radiologists who were unaffiliated with the study centers. Each reader evaluated the patient images separately and independently. Images were evaluated qualitatively for diagnostic and quality and scored for: 1) lesion border delineation, 2) disease extent, 3) visualization of lesion internal morphology, and 4) lesion contrast enhancement compared with surrounding normal tissue. All assessments used a 3-point scales from 1 (examination 1 better) through 0 (examinations equal) to 1 (examination 2 better).

Dotarem^® (Gadoterate) is a registered trademark of Guebert, Aulnay-sous-Bois, France. Reference: Vaneckova M, Herman M, Smith MP, et al. The benefits of high relaxivity for brain tumor imaging: results of a multicenter intraindividual crossover comparison of gadobenatedimeglumine with gadoterate meglumine (The BENEFIT Study). AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2015 Sep;36(9):1589–1598.

MultiHance demonstrated significantly improved visualization and contrast enhancement of CNS lesions when compared with Gadavist^® at 0.1 mmol/kg¹

View MERIT Study

A multicenter, double-blind, randomized, intraindividual cross-over study of 123 patients
Proven superior in both qualitative and quantitative assessments

These are representative images from reference studies; individual results may vary. 60-year-old woman with lung adenocarcinoma. Brain MRI exam to assess for the presence of metastatic disease. Two small metastases could be confidently identified and located in the left and right occipital lobes (arrows).

MultiHance delivered significantly superior morphologic information and contrast enhancement of brain MR imaging compared with Gadavist.

MultiHance was preferred by readers across all endpoints (P<0.001)

Global diagnostic preference
Lesion border delineation
Definition of disease extent
Visualization of lesion internal morphology
Lesion contrast enhancement

Study Design: Multicenter double-blind randomized intraindividual crossover study design of 123 patients with known or suspected brain tumors. Each patient received 0.1-mmol/kg doses of MultiHance and Gadavist in 2 identical MR imaging examinations. Contrast agents were administered by IV using manual bolus injection (n=118) or a power injector (n=4). Both agents were administered at 0.1 mmol/kg of body weight, corresponding to 0.2 mL/kg for MultiHance and 0.1 mL/kg for Gadavist. The interval between the 2 MR imaging examinations was >48 hours to avoid carryover effects but <14 days to minimize the chance of measurable disease progression or lesion evolution. All images were evaluated by 3 blinded, independent experienced radiologists who were unaffiliated with the study centers. Each reader evaluated the patient images separately and independently. Images were evaluated qualitatively for diagnostic information and scored for: 1) lesion border delineation, 2) disease extent, 3) visualization of lesion internal morphology, and 4) lesion contrast enhancement compared with surrounding normal tissue. All assessments used a 3-point scales from 1 (examination 1 superior) through 0 (examinations equal) to 1 (examination 2 superior).

Gadavist^® (gadobutrol) is a registered trademark of Bayer Healthcare. Reference: Seidl Z, Vymazal J, Mechl M, et al. Does higher gadolinium concentration play a role in the morphologic assessment of brain tumors? Results of a multicenter intraindividual crossover comparison of gadobutrol versus gadobenate dimeglumine (the MERIT Study). AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2012 Jun-Jul;33(6):1050–1058.

MultiHance delivers high diagnostic performance in magnetic resonance angiography (MRA)^8-13

View MRA Studies

MultiHance received excellent scores across multiple study endpoints.⁸

MultiHance delivered very high quality vessel visualization, great contrast enhancement, very low rate of technical failures and high-level diagnostic performance considering the full blinding to patient information of all readers⁸

The MultiHance difference: Very high vessel signal intensity in healthy volunteers²²

MultiHance has demonstrated a very high signal intensity peak and was shown to exhibit preferential and different vascular enhancement properties compared with Gd-DTPA for MRA²²
- Great signal/brightness
- High SNR may result in fast scan times and/or high resolution imaging¹³
A wide peak means that the contrast persists^13,22
High plateau levels provide high-resolution steady-state imaging option^13,22

Excellent vessel visualization, enhancement and stenosis detection⁸

These are representative images from reference studies; individual results may vary. 52-year-old man with Leriche syndrome. Contrast-enhanced MRA with 0.1 mmol/kg MultiHance displays the occlusion of the distal abdominal aorta just above its bifurcation. The finding is confirmed by Digital Subtraction Angiography (DSA) also demonstrating the occlusion of the distal abdominal aorta.

Study Design: Two hundred seventy-two patients underwent MR angiography and digital subtraction angiography of the iliofemoral arteries. MR angiography was performed before (2D time-of-flight acquisitions) and after (spoiled gradient-echo acquisitions) the administration of 0.1 mmol/kg of gadobenate dimeglumine at 1–2 mL/s. Contrast-enhanced MR angiography and digital subtraction angiography of the calf arteries were performed in 241 of 272 participants. Images were evaluated on-site and by four blinded reviewers (three for MR angiography, one for digital subtraction angiography). Comparative diagnostic performance for the detection of significant (≥ 51% vessel lumen narrowing) disease was evaluated using the McNemar test and generalized estimating equations. Interobserver agreement was assessed with generalized kappa statistics. The chi-square test was used to compare technical failure rates.

Reference: Thurnher S, Miller S, Schneider G, et al. Diagnostic performance of gadobenate dimeglumine enhanced MR angiography of the iliofemoral and calf arteries: a large-scale multicenter trial. AJR AM J Roentgenol. 2007 Nov;189(5):1223-1237.

Safety and Stability You Can Count On

MultiHance has been used in more than 42 million patients²³

Safe for Use in patients with chronic kidney disease⁷

MultiHance is classified by the American College of Radiology ACR as a Group II Agent that is safe for use in:^7,14

• Adults
• Pediatric patients
• Neonates with flexible dosing for patients under 2
• Patients with renal insufficiency

Safe, flexible weight-based dosing indication for CNS imaging in patients below 2 years of age⁷

MultiHance has no medically confirmed unconfounded reports of NSF in the literature^15-19

“Residual gadolinium has been found within the brain tissue of patients who received multiple doses of GBCAs over their lifetimes… Fortunately, there have been no reports to date to suggest these deposits are associated with histologic changes that would suggest neurotoxicity.”¹⁴

—ACR: 2021 position statement on GBCAs

MultiHance has a rapid elimination profile^7,24-26

Mean elimination half-life in patients with severe renal impairment

Eliminated more rapidly than both Dotarem and Gadavist

MultiHance is a thermodynamically stable linear agent^20,21

High thermodynamic stability, high conditional stability and no excess chelate^20,21

MultiHance is well tolerated:⁷

The majority of observed adverse events or reactions were transient, self-limiting, and mild in intensity
The most commonly reported adverse events were headache (1.2%) and nausea (1.3%)

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NSF=nephrogenic systemic fibrosis.
MRI imaging of the CNS in adult and pediatric patients to visualize lesions with abnormal BBB or abnormal vascularity of the brain, spine and associated tissues or to evaluate adults with known or suspected renal or aorto-ilio- femoral occlusive vascular disease.
^†Multicenter double-blind randomized intraindividual crossover study design of 123 patients with known or suspected brain tumors. Each patient received 0.1-mmol/kg doses of MultiHance and Gadavist in 2 identical MR imaging examinations. Contrast agents were administered by IV using manual bolus injection (n=118) or a power injector (n=4). Both agents were administered at 0.1 mmol/kg of body weight, corresponding to 0.2 mL/kg for MultiHance and 0.1 mL/kg for Gadavist. The interval between the 2 MR imaging examinations was >48 hours to avoid carryover effects but <14 days to minimize the chance of measurable disease progression or lesion evolution. All images were evaluated by 3 blinded, independent experienced radiologists who were unaffiliated with the study centers. Each reader evaluated the patient images separately and independently. Images were evaluated qualitatively for diagnostic information and scored for: 1) lesion border delineation, 2) disease extent, 3) visualization of lesion internal morphology, and 4) lesion contrast enhancement compared with surrounding normal tissue. All assessments used a 3-point scales from 1 (examination 1 superior) through 0 (examinations equal) to 1 (examination 2 superior). Gadavist^® (gadobutrol) is a registered trademark of Bayer Healthcare. Reference: Seidl Z, Vymazal J, Mechl M, et al. Does higher gadolinium concentration play a role in the morphologic assessment of brain tumors? Results of a multicenter intraindividual crossover comparison of gadobutrol versus gadobenate dimeglumine (the MERIT Study). AJNR Am J Neuroradiol.* 2012 Jun-Jul;33(6):1050–1058.
^‡ACR classifies Group II Agents as those with few, if any, medically confirmed unconfounded cases of NSF.
^§Based on relaxivity at concentrations within physiological range (3.5-5.5 g/dL)¹⁷
^¶Based on relaxivity values for MultiHance^® (gadobenate dimeglumine) injection 529 mg/mL and compared with ProHance^® (Gadoteridol) Injection, 279.3 mg/mL, Gadavist^® (gadobutrol), Magnevist^® (gadopentetate dimeglumine) and Dotarem^® (gadoterate meglumine) in plasma at 37°C at 1.5T.

MultiHance^® (gadobenate dimeglumine) injection, 529 mg/mL and ProHance^® (Gadoteridol) Injection, 279.3 mg/mL

Indications and Usage for MultiHance^® (gadobenate dimeglumine) injection, 529 mg/mL:

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the central nervous system (CNS) in adults and pediatric patients (including term neonates) to visualize lesions with abnormal blood-brain barrier or abnormal vascularity of the brain, spine, and associated tissues
Magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) to evaluate adults with known or suspected renal or aorto-ilio-femoral occlusive vascular disease

Indications and Usage for ProHance^® (Gadoteridol) Injection, 279.3 mg/mL:

CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
ProHance is indicated for use in MRI in adults and pediatric patients including term neonates to visualize lesions with disrupted blood brain barrier and/or abnormal vascularity in the brain (intracranial lesions), spine, and associated tissues.

EXTRACRANIAL/EXTRASPINAL TISSUES
ProHance is indicated for use in MRI in adults to visualize lesions in the head and neck.

IMPORTANT SAFETY INFORMATION for MultiHance and ProHance:

WARNING: RISK ASSOCIATED WITH INTRATHECAL USE and NEPHROGENIC SYSTEMIC FIBROSIS

Risk Associated with Intrathecal Use

Intrathecal administration of gadolinium-based contrast agents (GBCAs) can cause serious adverse reactions including death, coma, encephalopathy, and seizures. MultiHance and ProHance are not approved for intrathecal use.

NEPHROGENIC SYSTEMIC FIBROSIS

Gadolinium-based contrast agents (GBCAs) increase the risk for NSF among patients with impaired elimination of the drugs. Avoid use of GBCAs in these patients unless the diagnostic information is essential and not available with non-contrasted MRI or other modalities. NSF may result in fatal or debilitating systemic fibrosis affecting the skin, muscle and internal organs.

The risk for NSF appears highest among patients with:
- chronic, severe kidney disease (GFR <30 mL/min/1.73m²), or
- acute kidney injury.
Screen patients for acute kidney injury and other conditions that may reduce renal function. For patients at risk for chronically reduced renal function (e.g. age > 60 years, hypertension or diabetes), estimate the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) through laboratory testing.
For patients at highest risk for NSF, do not exceed the recommended MultiHance and ProHance dose and allow a sufficient period of time for elimination of the drug from the body prior to re-administration.

MultiHance (gadobenate dimeglumine) injection, 529 mg/mL

CONTRAINDICATIONS

MultiHance is contraindicated in patients with known allergic or hypersensitivity reactions to gadolinium-based contrast agents.

WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS

Risk Associated with Intrathecal Use: Intrathecal administration of GBCAs can cause serious adverse reactions including death, coma, encephalopathy, and seizures. The safety and effectiveness of MultiHance have not been established with intrathecal use and MultiHance is not approved for intrathecal use.

Nephrogenic Systemic Fibrosis: NSF has occurred in patients with impaired elimination of GBCAs. Higher than recommended dosing or repeated dosing appears to increase risk.

Hypersensitivity Reactions: Anaphylactic and anaphylactoid reactions have been reported, involving cardiovascular, respiratory, and/or cutaneous manifestations. Some patients experienced circulatory collapse and died. In most cases, initial symptoms occurred within minutes of MultiHance administration and resolved with prompt emergency treatment. Consider the risk for hypersensitivity reactions, especially in patients with a history of hypersensitivity reactions or a history of asthma or other allergic disorders.

Gadolinium Retention: Gadolinium is retained for months or years in several organs. The highest concentrations have been identified in the bone, followed by brain, skin, kidney, liver, and spleen. At equivalent doses, retention varies among the linear agents. Retention is lowest and similar among the macrocyclic GBCAs. Consequences of gadolinium retention in the brain have not been established, but they have been established in the skin and other organs in patients with impaired renal function. Minimize repetitive GBCA imaging studies, particularly closely spaced studies when possible.

Acute Renal Failure: In patients with renal insufficiency, acute renal failure requiring dialysis or worsening renal function have occurred with the use of GBCAs. The risk of renal failure may increase with increasing dose of the contrast agent. Screen all patients for renal dysfunction by obtaining a history and/or laboratory tests.

Extravasation and Injection Site Reactions: Extravasation of MultiHance may lead to injection site reactions, characterized by local pain or burning sensation, swelling, blistering, and necrosis. Exercise caution to avoid local extravasation during intravenous administration of MultiHance.

Cardiac Arrhythmias: Cardiac arrhythmias have been observed in patients receiving MultiHance in clinical trials. Assess patients for underlying conditions or medications that predispose to arrhythmias. The effects on QTc by MultiHance dose, other drugs, and medical conditions were not systematically studied.

Interference with Visualization of Certain Lesions: Certain lesions seen on non-contrast images may not be seen on contrast images. Exercise caution when interpreting contrast MR images in the absence of companion non-contrast MR images.

ADVERSE REACTIONS

The most commonly reported adverse reactions are nausea (1.3%) and headache (1.2%).

USE IN SPECIFIC POPULATIONS

Pregnancy: GBCAs cross the human placenta and result in fetal exposure and gadolinium retention. Use only if imaging is essential during pregnancy and cannot be delayed.

Lactation: There is no information on the effects of the drug on the breastfed infant or the effects of the drug on milk production. However, limited literature reports that breastfeeding after MultiHance administration to the mother would result in the infant receiving an oral dose of 0.001%-0.04% of the maternal dose.

Pediatric Use: MultiHance is approved for intravenous use for MRI of the CNS to visualize lesions with abnormal blood brain barrier or abnormal vascularity of the brain, spine, and associated tissues in pediatric patients from birth, including term neonates, to less than 17 years of age. Adverse reactions in pediatric patients were similar to those reported in adults. No dose adjustment according to age is necessary in pediatric patients two years of age and older. For pediatric patients, less than 2 years of age, the recommended dosage range is 0.1 to 0.2 mL/kg. The safety of MultiHance has not been established in preterm neonates.

ProHance (Gadoteridol) Injection, 279.3 mg/mL

CONTRAINDICATIONS

Contraindicated in patients with known allergic or hypersensitivity reactions to ProHance.

WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS

Risk Associated with Intrathecal Use: Intrathecal administration of GBCAs can cause serious adverse reactions including death, coma, encephalopathy, and seizures. The safety and effectiveness of ProHance have not been established with intrathecal use and ProHance is not approved for intrathecal use.

Nephrogenic Systemic Fibrosis: NSF has occurred in patients with impaired elimination of GBCAs. Higher than recommended dosing or repeated dosing appears to increase risk.

Hypersensitivity Reactions: Anaphylactic and anaphylactoid reactions have been reported, involving cardiovascular, respiratory, and/or cutaneous manifestations. Some patients experienced circulatory collapse and died. In most cases, initial symptoms occurred within minutes of administration and resolved with prompt emergency treatment. Prior to ProHance administration, ensure the availability of trained personnel and medications to treat hypersensitivity reactions. Consider these risks, especially in patients with a history of hypersensitivity reactions or a history of asthma or other allergic disorders.

Gadolinium Retention: Gadolinium is retained for months or years in several organs. The highest concentrations have been identified in the bone, followed by brain, skin, kidney, liver, and spleen. Linear GBCAs cause more retention than macrocyclic GBCAs. Consequences of gadolinium retention in the brain have not been established, but they have been established in the skin and other organs in patients with impaired renal function.

Acute Kidney Injury: In patients with chronically reduced renal function, acute kidney injury requiring dialysis has occurred with the use of GBCAs. The risk of acute kidney injury may increase with increasing dose of the contrast agent; administer the lowest dose necessary for adequate imaging.

ADVERSE REACTIONS

The most commonly reported adverse reactions are nausea and taste perversion with an incidence ≥ 0.9%.

USE IN SPECIFIC POPULATIONS

Pregnancy: GBCAs cross the human placenta and result in fetal exposure and gadolinium retention. Use only if imaging is essential during pregnancy and cannot be delayed.

Lactation: There are no data on the presence in human milk, the effects on the breastfed infant, or the effects on milk production. However, published lactation data on other GBCAs indicate that 0.01 to 0.04% of the maternal gadolinium dose is present in breast milk.

Pediatric Use: The safety and effectiveness of ProHance have been established for use with MRI to visualize lesions with abnormal blood brain barrier or abnormal vascularity of the brain, spine, and associated tissues in pediatric patients from birth, including term neonates, to 17 years of age. Adverse reactions in pediatric patients were similar to those reported in adults. No case of NSF associated with ProHance or any other GBCA has been identified in pediatric patients ages 6 years and younger.

You are encouraged to report negative side effects of prescription drugs to the FDA. Visit www.fda.gov/medwatch or call 1‑800‑FDA‑1088.

Please click here for full Prescribing Information and Patient Medication Guide for additional safety information for MultiHance (gadobenate dimeglumine) injection, 529 mg/mL.

Please click here for full Prescribing Information and Patient Medication Guide for additional safety information for MultiHance Multipack.

Please click here for full Prescribing Information and Patient Medication Guide for additional safety information for ProHance (Gadoteridol) Injection, 279.3 mg/mL.

Please click here for full Prescribing Information and Patient Medication Guide for additional safety information for ProHance Multipack.

MultiHance is manufactured for Bracco Diagnostics Inc. by BIPSO GmbH – 78224 Singen (Germany) and by Patheon Italia S.p.A, Ferentino, Italy.

ProHance is manufactured for Bracco Diagnostics Inc. by BIPSO GmbH – 78224 Singen (Germany).

MultiHance is a registered trademark of Bracco International B.V.

MultiHance Multipack is a trademark of Bracco International B.V.

ProHance is a registered trademark of Bracco Diagnostics Inc.

ProHance Multipack is a trademark of Bracco Diagnostics Inc.

All other trademarks and registered trademarks are the property of their respective owners.

References:

1. Seidl Z, Vymazal J, Mechl M, et al. Does higher gadolinium concentration play a role in the morphologic assessment of brain tumors? Results of a multicenter intraindividual crossover comparison of gadobutrol versus gadobenate dimeglumine (the MERIT Study). AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2012 Jun-Jul;33(6):1050–1058.

2. Vaneckova M, Herman M, Smith MP, et al. The benefits of high relaxivity for brain tumor imaging: results of a multicenter intraindividual crossover comparison of gadobenate dimeglumine with gadoterate meglumine (The BENEFIT Study). AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2015 Sep;36(9):1589–1598.

3. Maravilla KR, Maldjian JA, Schmalfuss IM, et al. Contrast enhancement of central nervous system lesions: multicenter intraindividual crossover comparative study of two MR contrast agents. Radiology. 2006 Aug;240(2):389–400.

4. Rowley HA, Scialfa G, Gao PY, et al. Contrast-enhanced MR imaging of brain lesions: a large-scale intraindividual crossover comparison of gadobenate dimeglumine versus gadodiamide. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2008 Jul;29(9):1684–1691.

5. Rohrer M, Bauer H, Mintorovitch J, Requardt M, Weinmann H-J. Comparison of magnetic properties of MRI contrast media solutions at different magnetic field strengths. Invest Radiol. 2005 Nov;40(11):715–724.

6. Shen Y, Goerner FL, Snyder C, et al. T1 Relaxivities of gadolinium-based magnetic resonance contrast agents in human whole blood at 1.5, 3, and 7T. Invest Radiol. 2015 May; 50(5):330-338.

7. MultiHance (gadobenate dimeglumine) injection, 529 mg/mL full Prescribing Information. Princeton, NJ: Bracco Diagnostics Inc. 2018.

8. Gerretsen SC, le Maire TF, Miller S, et al. Multicenter, double-blind, randomized, intraindividual crossover comparison of gadobenate dimeglumine and gadopentetate dimeglumine for MR angiography of peripheral arteries. Radiology. 2010 Jun; 255(3):988-1000.

9. Schneider G, Prince MR, Meaney JFM, Ho VB, Potchen EJ. Magnetic Resonance Angiography: Techniques, Indications and Practical Applications. New York, NY: Springer; 2005.

10. Thurnher S, Miller S, Schneider G, et al. Diagnostic performance of gadobenate dimeglumine enhanced MR angiography of the iliofemoral and calf arteries: a large-scale multicenter trial. AJR AM J Roentgenol. 2007 Nov;189(5):1223-1237.

11. Wang CC, Liang HL, Hsiao CC, Chen MC, Wu TH, Wu CJ, Huang JS, Lin YH, Pan HB. Single-dose time-resolved contrast enhanced hybrid MR angiography in diagnosis of peripheral arterial disease: compared with digital subtraction angiography. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2010 Oct; 32(4): 935-942.

12. Schneider G, Pasowicz M, Vymazal J, Seidl Z, Aschauer M, Konopka M, Bilecen D, Iezzi R, Ballarati C. Gadobenate dimeglumine and gadofosveset trisodium for MR angiography of the renal arteries: Multicenter intraindividual crossover comparison. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2010 Aug; 195(2): 476-485.

13. Anzidei M, Napoli A, Zaccagna F, Cavallo Marincola B, Zini C, Kirchin MA, Catalano C, Passariello R. First-pass and high-resolution steady-state magnetic resonance angiography of the peripheral arteries with gadobenate dimeglumine: an assessment of feasibility and diagnostic performance. Invest Radiol. 2011 May; 46(5): 307-316.

14. ACR committee on drugs and contrast media. ACR manual on contrast media: 2021.

15. Nandwana SB, Moreno CC, Osipow MT, Sekhar A, Cox KL. Gadobenate dimeglumine administration and Nephrogenic Systemic Fibrosis: Is there a real risk in patients with impaired renal function? Radiology. 2015 Sep;276(3):741-747.

16. Martin DR, Krishnamoorthy SK, Kalb B, Salman KN, Sharma P, Carew JD, Martin PA, Chapman AB, Ray GL, Larsen CP, Pearson TC. Decreased incidence of NSF in patients on dialysis after changing gadolinium contrast-enhanced MRI protocols. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2010 Feb;31(2):440-446.

17. Bruce R, Wentland AL, Haemel AK, Garrett RW, Sadowski DR, Djamali A, Sadowski EA. Incidence of Nephrogenic Systemic Fibrosis using gadobenate dimeglumine in 1423 patients with renal insufficiency compared with gadodiamide. Invest Radiol. 2016 Nov;51(11):701-705.

18. Abujudeh HH, Rolls H, Kaewlai R, Agarwal S, Gebreananya ZA, Saini S, Schaefer PW, Kay J. Retrospective assessment of prevalence of nephrogenic systemic fibrosis (NSF) after implementation of a new guideline for the use of gadobenate dimeglumine as a sole contrast agent for magnetic resonance examination in renally impaired patients. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2009 Dec;30(6):1335-1340.

19. Woolen SA, Shankar PR, Gagnier JJ, MacEachern MP, Singer L, Davenport MS. Risk of Nephrogenic Systemic Fibrosis in Patients With Stage 4 or 5 Chronic Kidney Disease Receiving a Group II Gadolinium-Based Contrast Agent: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. JAMA Intern Med. 2020 Feb; 180(2): 223-230.

20. Idée J-M, Port M, Robic C, Medina C, Sabatou M, Corot C. Role of thermodynamic and kinetic parameters in gadolinium chelate stability. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2009 Dec;30(6):1249–1258.

21. Garg A. MR Contrast Media. In: Gupta A, Chowdhury V, Khandelwal, eds. Diagnostic Radiology: Recent Advances and Applied Physics in Radiology. 2nd ed. New Delhi, India: Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers; 2012:259-270.

22. Knopp MV, et al. Assessment of gadobenate dimeglumine for magnetic resonance angiography phase I studies. Invest Radiol. 2002 Dec;37:706-715.

23. Data on file. Bracco Diagnostics Inc. September 2020.

24. Gadavist^® (gadobutrol) injection full Prescribing Information and Patient Medication Guide. Whippany, NJ: Bayer HealthCare Pharmaceuticals Inc.; July 2019.